The Horsehead Nebula A Dark Cloud With a Familiar Shape

The Milky Way Galaxy is an amazing place. Its filled with with stars and planets as far as astronomers can see. It also has these mysterious regions, clouds of gas and dust, called nebulae. Some of these places are formed when stars die, but many others are filled with cold gases and dust particles that are the building blocks of stars and planets. Such regions are called dark nebulae. The process of starbirth often begins in them. As stars are born in these cosmic crà ¨ches, they heat up the leftover clouds and cause them glow, forming what astronomers call emission nebulae. The Peony Nebula (shown here in an image from the Spitzer Space Telescope), contains one of the most massive stars in the universe: WR 102a. It is surrounded by clouds of gas and dust similar in nature to those in the Horsehead. NASA/Spitzer Space Telescope.   One of the most familiar and beautiful of these space places is called the Horsehead Nebula, known to astronomers as Barnard 33. It lies about 1,500 light-years from Earth and is between two and three light-years across. Due to the complex shapes of its clouds that are lit by nearby stars, it appears to us to have the shape of a horses head. That dark head-shaped region is filled with hydrogen gas and grains of dust. Its very similar to the cosmic Pillars of Creation, where stars are also being born in clouds of gas and dust. The Depths of the Horsehead Nebula The Horsehead is part of a larger complex of nebulae called the Orion Molecular Cloud, which spans the constellation of Orion. Studded around the complex are little nurseries where stars are being born, forced into the birth process when the cloud materials are pressed together by shock waves from nearby stars or stellar explosions. The Horsehead itself is a very dense cloud of gas and dust that is backlit by very bright young stars. Their heat and radiation cause the clouds surrounding the Horsehead to glow, but the Horsehead blocks light from directly behind it and thats what makes it appear to glow against the backdrop of reddish clouds. The nebula itself is made up largely of cold molecular hydrogen, which gives off very little heat and no light. Thats why the Horsehead appears dark. The thickness of its clouds also block the light from any stars within and behind. Part of the Orion Molecular Cloud complex, which also contains the Horsehead. Wikimedia, Rogelio Bernal Andreo, CC BY-SA 3.0 Are there stars forming in the Horsehead? Its hard to tell. It would make sense that there could be some stars being born there. Thats what cold clouds of hydrogen and dust do: they form stars. In this case, astronomers dont know for sure. Infrared light views of the nebula do show some parts of the clouds interior, but in some regions, its so thick that the IR light cant get through to reveal any star birth nurseries. So, its possible that there could be newborn protostellar objects hidden deep inside. Perhaps a new generation of infrared-sensitive telescopes will someday be able to peer through the thickest parts of the clouds to reveal star birth crà ©ches. In any case, the Horsehead and nebulae like it give a peek at what our own solar systems birth cloud might have looked like. The Horsehead Nebula in infrared light. Astronomers use this form of light to search for newborn stars hidden inside the clouds of gas and dust. NASA/ESA/STScI Dissipating the Horsehead The Horsehead Nebula is a short-lived object. It will last perhaps another 5 billion years, buffeted by radiation from young nearby stars and their stellar winds. Eventually, their ultraviolet radiation will erode away the dust and gas, and if there are any stars forming inside, they will use up a lot of the material, too. This is the fate of most nebulae where stars form — they get consumed by the starbirth activity going on inside. Stars that form withini the cloud and in nearby regions emit such strong radiation that whatever is left over is eaten away by a process called photodissociation. It literally means that the radiation tears apart the molecules of gas and blows away the dust. So, about the time that our own star begins to expand and consume its planets, the Horsehead Nebula will be gone, and in its place will be a sprinkling of hot, massive blue stars. Observing the Horsehead This nebula is a challenging target for amateur astronomers to observe. Thats because its so dark and dim and distant. However, with a good telescope and the right eyepiece, a dedicated observer can find it in the winter skies of the northern hemisphere (summer in the southern hemisphere). It appears in the eyepiece as a dim grayish fog, with bright regions surrounding the Horsehead and another bright nebulae below it. Many observers photograph the nebula using time-exposure techniques. This allows them to gather more of the dim light and get a satisfying view that the eye just cant capture. An even better way is to explore the Hubble Space Telescopes views of the Horsehead Nebula in both visible and infrared light. They provide a level of detail that keeps the armchair astronomer gasping at the beauty of such a short-lived, but important galactic object.   Key Takeaways The Horsehead Nebula is part of the Orion Molecular Cloud complex.The nebula is a cloud of cold gas and dust in the shape of a horses head.Bright nearby stars are backlighting the nebula. Their radiation will eventually eat away at the cloud and eventually destroy it in about five billion years.The Horsehead lies about 1,500 light-years away from Earth. Sources â€Å"Bok Globule | COSMOS.†Ã‚  Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/B/Bok Globule.Hubble 25 Anniversary, hubble25th.org/images/4.â€Å"Nebulae.†Ã‚  NASA, NASA, www.nasa.gov/subject/6893/nebulae.

Essay on Compare The Ostler and The Darkness Out There

Compare The Ostler and The Darkness Out There In this essay I will compare two stories - The Ostler, written in the 19th century by a man called Wilkie Coliins, and The Darkness Out There, by Penelope Lively, written in the 20th century. They are both horror stories, a genre which has been popular throughout the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. This is perhaps because, since we are no longer scared on a daily basis, as would have been the case in medieval times, we need to find an artificial way of creating the thrill. I will look at the similarities and differences between the way each story is structured, the build up of tension, the settings and the characters. First I will summarise each story and look at their 19th and†¦show more content†¦The stories were written in different centuries. The Ostler was written in the 19th century and The Darkness Out There was written in the 20th century. There are many differences between them which make this obvious. The most obvious of these differences is that an ostler is a profession that does not exist today. They worked at inns, looking after the horses of travellers who were staying the night. In The Ostler, when the main character, Isaac, discovers that his fiancÃÆ' ©e is the woman who tried to murder him in his dream, he feels that he has to keep his word and marry her anyway, which probably would not happen today, because peoples ideas of what is right and wrong have changed, and most people do not have such a strong sense of duty. Although the character of a manipulative woman still appears in many stories, some aspects of Rebeccas background would not appear in a 20th century story. She is obviously from an upper class family but has somehow fallen. It is not clear how she came to be is the state she was when Isaac first met her, but some of the most common ways were to get pregnant outside of marriage, or have an affair with a married man. It is also possible that she has treated other men in the same way she treats Isaac, and that this has somehow contributed to her downfall. The language that is used in The Ostler also makes it clear that this is a 19th century story. Long words, suchShow MoreRelatedEssay about Faustus Study and Opening Speech3593 Words   |  15 Pageswhich held that learning was based on the authority of the wise rather than on experimentation and new ideas. This soliloquy, then, marks Faustus’s rejection of this medieval model, as he sets aside each of the old authorities and resolves to strike out on his own in his quest to become powerful through magic. As is true throughout the play, however, Marlowe uses Faustus’s own words to expose Faustus’s blind spots. In his initial speech, for example, Faustus establishes a hierarchy of disciplines

Best Friend Award Free Essays

Valerie Martinez CMST100 4/22/12 The Best Friend Award For my best award I chose my best friend, Arely. I chose Arely because I really that we’ve had a long friendship during high school, considering that things don’t always last during our high school years. Not only because we’ve been friends for so long, but also because I’ve gone through some hardships throughout those years and she was there for me. We will write a custom essay sample on Best Friend Award or any similar topic only for you Order Now She never gave up or got sick of me going to her and telling her all my feelings, in other words venting to her about everything. She knows me so well; I sometimes think she knows me better than I know myself. She’s always makes me feel better and I just love our friendship and I believe she deserves the best friend award. I decided to give her a letter telling her how much I appreciate her and thank her for her being my best friend. I also mentioned what I like about our relationship and what I wanted us to keep going and what I wanted to do to make things better for our relationship. This letter I wrote on was on white paper and I decorated it with a lot of pink because I know that is her favorite color. Arely and I both are taking the same class, so I don’t think she was that surprised to have gotten this letter. When I gave it to her, she didn’t read it till later that day. I got a text from her late at night that day and she said, â€Å" aww I love you†. Overall, I think this assignment is a really good idea. I think once in a while we need to remind the ones we love that we love them. There are many people that don’t do that and their friend might feel sad because they wish their friend could tell them they appreciate him or her. I know I don’t do that very often and writing this letter made me realize that I need to let the people that I care about know that I love them more often. How to cite Best Friend Award, Papers

Accounting Global Financial Crisis

Question: Write an essay on "Global Financial Crisis". Answer: Introduction Global financial crisis is a catastrophe that serves as a nightmare to the economists worldwide. Its a situation whereby the whole finance system suffers a great breakdown due to the misunderstanding between the parties involved. Its a situation whereby the involved financial parties assets and liabilities drop swiftly. The institutions suffer a noble panic making the investors jump into other conclusions like clearing out their savings from banks and panic spreads. Wrong expectations from the investors completely break the banks thinking that the value of goods will drop if they keep the association with the financial parties. Since the massive depression in the 1930s, financial crises have been an issue that the economists are always facing and dealing with each and day. It has been a significant influence on industries and investors since its start. Some crises have occurred over the past 40 years which have entirely transformed the economy of the affected countries and regions. ( C. Avery and P. Zemsky (1998) Financial crises Latam debt crisis of 1982 was a great hit to the Latin American countries. The victim countries were depending on other foreign countries on finances to fund their development and infrastructure strategies. Theirs insisted on borrowed money lend to the crisis when the countries were unable to pay their debts. The economy had grown, and the financial institutions readily gave out loans to the victims to a point where the shares had doubled in just some few years. Mexico was the first country to claim the crisis in 1982. The countries decided to seek help from the IMF and in later years, the Brady bonds were created consistently to decrease the loan levels of the Latin America countries. Savings and loans crisis began when the US regulators gave out loans at fixed rates. The interest rose, and the loans were difficult to pay due to the use of short-term money. Thanks to the president's involvement the crisis was resolved and schemes that resembled the Ponzi schemes were created. Several other crises have developed like the stock market crash which led to the famous day black Monday. The causes of this crash are still debated till now some claiming that technology took the bigger part of influencing the crisis. Junk Bond crashes a crisis that took place in 1989 which heavily impacted the US economy. Stills its causes are not approved, but some theories claim that the Ohio mattress fiasco and the buyout of the UAL led to the worst deals ever in finance (Crotty, J., 2009). The famous Asia crisis a repetition of the Latin crisis led to Thailand's currency collapsing and was in a huge debt to foreign countries. The country resolved the crisis after a big funding by the IM F. Dotcom bubble and the carbon copy crisis in Russia is other crisis's that face the world before the other greatest depression happened in the 2007-2008 era. Sub-prime mortgage crisis The sub-prime mortgage crisis was the largest crisis that hit the nation since the crisis in the 1930s. Triggered by the unexpected decrease in house prices after the homes bubble fell easing to the devaluation of homes securities. These led to mortgage foreclosure and the decline in residential investment. The amounts the businesses would spend on the homes investment gradually reduced and debts increased. Big financial institutions later fell in 2008 leading to a great commotion in the flow of credit between financial parties. Causes of financial crises The financial crises came into existence due to various reasons caused by financial institutions and the market. Banks were able to provide in a fast way to a lot of money to the people, and this led to skyrocketing of house prices. Bank loans had doubled in just seven years due to a huge amount of money disposed of into the economy. Every time the bank lends it creates new money thus the more times it lent out it created more money and increased the debt levels over time. When the banks had that large amount of money, they fully invested it into other sectors away from the business. The residential and commercial sector was the place the banks ran to when it came to investing. Around 40% of the money spent went to the residential property and commercial real estate's which pushed up the house prices and wages. (Grant, W. and Wilson, G.K., 2012) Lending of large amounts of money to the commercial and residential sector pushed up the debt levels. House prices were pushed up to pay the interest rates which had risen faster than the income rates. Some people were unable to pay the loans due to the high-interest rates. Banks were faced with dangers of going bankrupt and collapsing. Tension by the banks made the crisis grow even stronger. After they had realized the crisis had started the banks decided to limit lending out of money. These led to market prices going down and house prices dropped. Thus, the people who had borrowed a lot of money had to sell off their properties for them to repay the loans. These led to the shrinking of the economy due to the limited lending of money. Thus, fewer investments were made, and the public had to use their income to repay the enormous amount of loans. (Markus Brunnermeier, 2008) In my opinion, a financial crisis will not occur sometime soon. The impact the financial crisis of 2007 had in the nation and the world, it gave them a great lesson to learn and change. The market has been stable since that crisis, and the government and other financial institutions are working hard to be in control of the market. Its impact on the economy left marks on the economies which serve as a hard lesson learned. If banks keep on lending more money, and the number of borrowers increasing the government will put in some measures to hold on the crisis that might occur. Impact on Nepal and developing countries Developing countries like Nepal are essential to the world's economic and financial growth. Their key development strategies and plans have made them have such an impact on the world's economy. Projects that are undertaken and government policies that are in action have affected the economy in a big way (Crotty, J., 2009). The financial crisis was such a hit to Nepal and other developing countries. Their high dependence on loans for funding their economic developments was affected during the crises. Banks were no longer able to offer funds that would support their projects and the interest rates had scaled up. They had to look for other means which were very few at that time. The financial flows through the world market led to great losses in the developing countries taking others back to poverty. The millennium development goals were profoundly affected as Nepal, and other developing countries didnt have the resources to push forward the economy. They were unable to protect their ci tizens from the crisis thus had severe impacts caused by the financial crisis. (Markus Brunnermeier 2008) Years later Nepal and other developing countries have joined up, formed cooperations with one another and are calling up for their participation in the world's economic affairs. They have decided to work together and have raised reforms that made them heal after the crisis. They have created strategies to develop their economy and take it to as greater height. Nepal has made up decisions to have a restricted and independent monetary policy that will help them stabilize their economy. This move Nepal is been adapted by other countries to be fully in control of their economy and prevent future effects that may be caused by a crisis. The governments to ensure that borrowing of money is under control, and the economy is stable use monetary and fiscal policies. Proposed reforms to financial crisis Countries have attempted to raise work use especially by cutting work charges, putting off practical retirement ages, changing debilitating geniuses and supporting segment work market strategies (Active work market approaches). At the onset of the subsidence, most affiliation money related co-operation headway countries needed to upgrade the security net for occupation washouts by boosting unemployment benefit benevolence and stretching out degree to new get-togethers of workers. Then, more than 70% of affiliation fiscal co-operation progression countries raised resources for occupation hunt down help and get readied endeavors reviewing the finished objective to empower re-business and re-sending. (Grant, W. and Wilson, G.K., 2012) To bolster work demand, work-sharing blueprints were appeared or stretched out in 70% of affiliation fiscal co-operation change countries, work costs were cut and new business or contracting improvement strategies were shown, as often as could be normal in light of the current situation concentrating on fringe occupation seekers, for case, youth, more masterminded supervisors, or the whole game plan unemployed. Some impermanent assigns were in this way composed, and troublesome work market changes were done in the degrees of retirement arrangements, work security, scarcest wages and wage overseeing structures, especially with respect to the European obligation crisis. (C. Avery and P. Zemsky 1998) Concerning went for boosting work capacity, countries have been especially changing in redesigning the graph of their change approaches and overhauling their plan systems, while essentially less progress has been competent towards diminishing agrarian procedure fortify and clearing pieces to remote direct wind. The need to go on both higher progress and dependable money related union in various affiliation monetary co-operation headway countries has also given additional motivation to change all around arranged assessment changes that diminishment impediments to work and contribute. All making economies have completed systems gone for updating the quality and painstaking quality of their game plan structures, which is a key test these countries face to fulfill higher longings for standard solaces. Helped by their all things considered more reasonable monetary circumstances close to their higher change prospects, most huge rising countries continued setting assets into physical structure, another specific Going for Growth need in different them. By separation, less has been done to address other principal suitability redesigning needs, for instance, the diminishment of obstructions to business attempt and remote direct wander and the change of the standard of law and of affiliation structures. Given what has been done starting late, require should be given to advancement that can strengthen occupations concerning decided money related union. At the present point, there is a need to diminish the danger of unemployment consistency in different affiliation financial co-operation headway countries, which can be able through sensible Active work market orchestrates went for retraining cleared authorities and asking return to work. In such way, there is a case for protecting open spending on such start from cash related hardening tries. Precisely when recovery in labor market premium is solid, Active work market approaches should be joined by unemployment advantage changes with a point of view to overhauling work shines. Change especially composed responsibility changes could strengthen the associations substance of a recovery, while likewise getting the money for related union seeing that they are done in a way that raises charge pay. (C. Avery and P. Zemsky, 1998) These circuit emptying charge utilizes and moving the obligation gathering rate towards charge bases that are less unsavory to business and movement, for case, unfaltering property, use and ordinary appraisals. Thing showcase changes are an essential for some affiliation financial co-operation progression countries particularly in Europe, and could help transient change, especially if recognized in certain secured pieces, for event, retail trade and expert affiliations where the likelihood to quickly make occupations is to some degree high. By lifting proficiency and potential progress, such changes would relatively affect sly affect obligation stream and money related sustainability Concerns that developments may consolidate transient financial events before their motivations of premium start to have all the stores of being misrepresented (Blankenburg, S. and Palma, J.G., 2009) Considering first the collaborations between the cash related structure and the business and family unit divisions in the impact time of a budgetary cycle. In Graph 1, the dim jolts point in both course. This illustrates, even as the flood of bank credit is using up those divisions, the dealing with a record structure is using itself up amid the time spent creating credit. A couple of parts are pounding endlessly in this stage. Graph 1From the borrower side, more grounded interest and pay and higher asset costs tend to cut the cost of financing. More grounded aggregate premium profits streams and, for associations, it extends the abundance of inside resources, which are less costly than remotely raised resources. Higher asset costs lift the aggregate resources of firms and family units, in this way encouraging their passage to bank acknowledge, similarly as both volume and expense. More rich poor inside resources and more foremost access to outside credit cut down the convincing cost of commitment. This leads firms to place more in structures, capital stock and stock. Family units, in the meantime, are encouraged to spend more on hotel and buyer durables. References Bernanke, B.S., 1983. Non-monetary effects of the financial crisis in the propagation of the Great Depression. Berkmen, S.P., Gelos, G., Rennhack, R. and Walsh, J.P., 2012. The global financial crisis: Explaining cross-country differences in the output impact. Journal of International Money and Finance, 31(1), pp.42-59. Blankenburg, S. and Palma, J.G., 2009. Introduction: the global financial crisis. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33(4), pp.531-538. Avery and P. Zemsky (1998), ' Multidimensional Uncertainty and Herd Behavior in Financial Markets'. "American Economic Review" 88, pp. 724748. Crotty, J., 2009. Structural causes of the global financial crisis: a critical assessment of the new financial architecture. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33(4), pp.563-580. Fidrmuc, J. and Korhonen, I., 2010. The impact of the global financial crisis on business cycles in Asian emerging economies. Journal of Asian Economics, 21(3), pp.293-303. Grant, W. and Wilson, G.K., 2012. Consequences of the Global Financial Crisis (p. 287). Oxford University Press. Griffith-Jones, S. and Ocampo, J.A., 2009. The financial crisis and its impact on developing countries (No. 53). Working Paper, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth. Jackson, J.K., 2010. Financial Crisis: Impact on and Response by the European Union. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0-262-57153-6. Justin Lahart (2007-12-24). "Egg Cracks Differ In Housing, Finance Shells". Wall Street Journal (WSJ.com). Retrieved 2008-07-13. Klapper, L. and Love, I., 2011. The impact of the financial crisis on new firm registration. Economics Letters, 113(1), pp.1-4. Moshirian, F., 2011. The global financial crisis and the evolution of markets, institutions and regulation. Journal of Banking Finance, 35(3), pp.502-511.

Sweaty Feet free essay sample

Sweaty feet rove the dusty alleys, moving my body to the rhythm in the street. Its a symphony for the senses – vibrant fabrics, the distinct aroma of incense rising, fly-covered fruit, hagglers shouts, and a bustling energy that only the market can provide. The muezzin begins his call to prayer, as greetings and blessings pass by my ears. â€Å"Wa-laykum Salaam,† I respond, the language rolling off my tongue, and I know that if I am ever at a loss, I have learned to speak in smiles. If you were to ask me in this moment how I feel, how I am, I would tell you in two simple Wolof words, â€Å"mangi fi.† They mean, â€Å"I am fine,† though directly translate to â€Å"I am here,† but I hardly see a distinction. I am here, alive, nestled in the warm embrace of West Africa. In this moment I carry confidence, adventure, opportunity, independence. We will write a custom essay sample on Sweaty Feet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I can feel the country as I engage with its people, absorb its culture, and immerse myself in the present. Of course I am fine – in fact I might even be a bit better than that. Enveloped in awe of where I currently stand, my eyes gaze down at those feet. In worn New Balance sneakers, I once dragged my heels over the rocky slope of Mount Washington. Each breath I drew seemed more of a pant and each movement I made was accompanied by a strong burning in my calves. As a child, driven academically yet failing to grasp any degree of athleticism, I was not destined to run the lengths of football fields or swing the bat and bring myself home, but the time had arrived when I would succeed physically and push myself through the canopy of pines to bathe in sunlight and touch the clouds. What my mind had pronounced impossible, my body defied, conquering both my doubt and the 6,000 feet to the summit. On that day my feet taught me perseverance and called on me to recognize the strength I possess within. Those are the feet that shuffled through the door, with trousers draped around my ankles, to a stage set for song, dance, and farce. â€Å"Cross right, head down, pause, turn left†; my legs knew the routine, but it was the audience I had to keep on its toes. I felt my belonging there, in the theater where creativity flowed, as surely as I felt the hard wood set beneath me. Under the lights, I was free to release all inhibitions, to let my feet guide me, to pour myself into the thrill of the role and to shine. Each step taught me to believe in myself, inspiring me with self-confidence and comfort in my own skin. My pride swelled along with the applause, until I could no longer contain a smile; I bowed. And those feet were laced up in the thick black boots of an EMT that morning, their soles pounding the pavement as they dashed from the back of the â€Å"rig.† It was a race against time and the patients rapid loss of brain function. He was at his worst; my responsibility was to be at my best. I hastened between the patient and our equipment, each action instinctive, adrenaline moving me. Reality had become a blur and the meticulousness of my training faded, so my feet took over. They carried me through, fortifying my sense of purpose as they taught me compassion and a moral duty to serve others in need. For now, my sweaty feet wander out of the sun and into a small rice shack, where I sip spicy cafe touba and slide my hand into lunch, the oil rolling from my fingertips. Those feet are nearing the end of this journey in Senegal, having trekked across the bush of the Fulani region, stomped the ground in traditional dance circles, and sunk into the golden sand of Sufi darahs. But they will continue to take me through this life. In time, I will stride down long hospital hallways to perform my first neurosurgery; I will tiptoe into my childrens rooms to whisper good night; I will walk a path of teranga, always giving of myself, and of zikr, acknowledging the beauty around me. I currently stand on this precipice in life and am ready to hit the ground running toward the promise of my future, while always marching to the beat of my own drum. Yes, my feet will travel beneath me, and they will leave their imprint on this earth.

History of Astronomy - Rise of Modern in 20th Century

History of Astronomy - Rise of Modern in 20th Century Tycho Brahe has often been called the Father of modern astronomy, and for good reasons. However, I think that title really belongs to Galileo Galilei for his pioneering use of the telescope to magnify the view of the sky. However, Brahe did advance the science more than anyone in the past, simply by using his senses, rather than philosophy to study the sky. The work that Brahe began was continued and expanded by his assistant, Johannes Kepler, whose laws of planetary motion are among the foundations of modern astronomy. There are many other astronomers since Galileo, Brahe, and Kepler who have advanced the science:  Here, in brief, are some of the other bright lights who helped bring astronomy to its current place. Edmund Halley (1656-1742) was a British astronomer who was also a big fan of Sir Isaac Newton. After encouraging Newton to write his Principia, Halley then published it at his own expense. Not stopping to rest on the fame of another, he went on to calculate the orbits of comets, including the one named after him.Sir William Herschel (1738-1822), though born in Germany, was a British astronomer. He discovered Uranus in 1781 coined the word asteroids. He also cataloged about 2,000 nebulae, discovered several satellites of Uranus and Saturn, studied the rotation of planets. Discovered and studied binary stars. He discovered two satellites each orbiting Uranus and Saturn. He studied the rotation period of many planets, the motion of double stars, and nebulae. He cataloged more than 800 double stars and contributed new information on the constitution of nebulae. Herschel was the first to propose that these nebulae were composed of stars. He is considered the founder of sidereal astronomy. Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was a German-born American physicist and Nobel laureate. He may be the most well-known scientist of the 20th century. In 1915, he developed his general theory of relativity, which states that the speed of light is constant and that the curvature of space and the passage of time are linked to gravity. Thinking the universe was unchanging, he inserted a  cosmological constant fudge factor  into his calculations to make them fit his viewpoint.Willem de Sitter: (1872 - 1934), a Dutch astronomer, removed Einsteins cosmological constant from his calculations and used the theory of relativity to show that the universe may always be expanding.Georges-Henri Lemaitre: (1894 - 1966) was not only a Belgian astronomer, he was also a Jesuit priest. Discovering the writings of Russian mathematician, Alexander Friedmann, Lemaitre took his solution for an expanding universe and theorized that if the universe is expanding, if we follow it back to the starting point, the n our universe began as a great cosmic egg which exploded and expanded outward. Lemaitre is often referred to as the father of the Big Bang theory. Edwin P Hubble (1889-1953), American Astronomer. In the 1920s, Albert Einstein stated, I have made my greatest blunder. This pronouncement came when Hubble  demonstrated that the universe was not static and Einsteins cosmological constant was not necessary. Utilizing improved telescopic devices, he was also able to confirm that those fuzzy objects astronomers had seen for years were in fact other galaxies.Thomas Gold (1920 - 2004) was an American astronomer. Though it is generally believed that Golds steady state theory of the universe is incorrect, he made many major contributions to our knowledge of the universe, including the nature of pulsars as rotating neutron stars, and the origin of planetary hydrocarbons. These are just a few of the astronomers and their findings in the pre- and early 20th century history of astronomy. There have been and are many other great brains in the field of astronomy, but its time to get away from history for now. Well meet some of these other astronomers throughout the rest of our lessons. Next, well look at numbers. Fourth Lesson Big Numbers Lesson 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Immigrant Access to Health Insurance and Medical Care Essay

Immigrant Access to Health Insurance and Medical Care - Essay Example Since many of them do not have health insurance, a single hospitalization is enough to drive most into financial insolvency and debt. Lack of health insurance in America approximately costs between $60 and $130 billion every year resulting from impairment of health and lost productive years of all uninsured people, let alone immigrants . Legal and illegal immigrants usually rely on a makeshift system of free hospitals and safety-net clinics, or even medical care at reduced prices, such as in the county and state owned facilities. They also have to rely on religious and charity-affiliated facilities. Immigrant reliance on these systems has led most communities and states, to voice their concern about health care costs that are uncompensated for these uninsured immigrants and the resultant local and state fiscal burdens. Access of Immigrants to Health Insurance Data from the US census indicates that it is more likely for immigrants to be uninsured than it is for native-born Americans. Non-citizen immigrants are thrice as likely to have no insurance at 44% as native-born Americans at 13% (Loue 782). Naturalized citizens come in at 17% being un-insured. Those who recently immigrated into the United States are more likely to be sans insurance with their rates of insurance increasing as their income increases. This can be explained by the fact that immigrants tend to get quality jobs with time and because their income increases with job experience and age. However, fewer immigrants tend to possess employer-sponsored insurance, which explains their lower insurance levels despite their high employment rates (Loue 782). The discrepancy between native-born citizens and immigrants persists in those that have income of less than $33,000 a year in a family of three (Loue 783). In the low-income category, 23% of native-Americans are uninsured when compared to 56% non-citizen immigrants. However, when low-income populations are considered, the reason for the insurance gap also changes. The main reason for this coverage difference among low-income citizens and immigrants has to do with fewer immigrants having access to public coverage for instance, Medicaid for the poor and Medicare for the elderly. Immigrants with low incomes also have minimal chances of possessing coverage sponsored by the employer or private means, although these gaps tend to narrow. Although, this data does not reveal the legality of these immigrants, it is vital that we recognize that sort of immigrants working and living in the US affects the profiles. Annually, the proportion of unauthorized immigrants has increased, which has caused the proportion of those who come in illegally to drop (Loue 783). These illegal immigrants are not eligible for state funded benefits and find it more difficult to secure private insuranc e. Private Health Insurance Access Insurance sponsored by the employer is the main form of health insurance for a majority of Americans, although this is not true

What are the main differences between Monopolistic Competition and Essay - 1

What are the main differences between Monopolistic Competition and Monopoly market structure Which of these market structures best serves the interest of the consumer and why - Essay Example The word, â€Å"Monopolist† is derived from the Greek words, Mono meaning one and Polist for seller (FRIEDMAN, Milton, 2002). The existence of Monopoly in today’s world is very rare. Monopolies are usually protected by effective barriers to entry. Example of Monopolies may be a company with its unique patented drug or the only provider of electricity for a town. De Beers used to have Monopoly in the diamond market. Monopoly does not have a complete control over price in a sense that it faces a negatively sloped demand curve. This means, any price increase will eventually loss some customers. Keeping in view, a Monopoly always wants to maximize its profit. For maximizing the profit, a Monopoly increases its output to the level where Marginal Cost (MC) intersects the Marginal Revenue (MR) as shown in the figure 1. The diagram shows the profit maximization point for a monopolist. The profit maximization point lies where Marginal Revenue = Marginal Cost. The economic profit is the difference between the Demand and ATC curve. If it produces less than 5 units, the economic profit will be reduced. Also, if the output is increased to 6, the economic profit will again reduce. A Monopolist will always strive for maximizing its profit. For a Monopolist, the Demand Curve is negatively slopped. If the demand for the product is less elastic, a Monopolist can fix a higher price. Ineleastic goods include those which are needs of human being such as electricity, sugar, wheat etc. However, if the demand is elastic, then a Monopolist should adjust the price to a certain level to gain maximum profit. Therefore, the price it charges is always greater than its MC. In Monopolistic competition, there are many competing firms which are selling differentiated products (Investopedia.com). Due to this fact, each firm faces highly elastic negatively sloped demand curve. The term â€Å"Differentiated Product† refers to those products which

Engineering Managment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Engineering Managment - Coursework Example The company has been operating in the market for almost 200 years. Despite economic crises that have affected the world from time to time, the company is still standing strong in the market. Moreover, the company has always also remained focused on its mission, objectives and strategies. The objectives of a company generally depend upon the business situations. Similarly, the business objectives of Cadbury have changed over the years according to the market situations. Cadbury has always relied on short term goals, rather than the long term objectives. However, their short term goals have changed on an average of 10 years. For example, the objective of the company during its initial years (1824-1850) was to open a Cadbury shop and increase its profitability. Their objective from 1850-1900 was to use new technology to increase the production. The company has been able to fulfil most of its objectives till now and the current objective of the company is to maintain the level it has already reached. The strategy of the company to achieve its goals is very much straight forward. The business strategy of the company is to tap new markets for its products and increase its profitability. Nevertheless, since most of the products of the company are sold all over the world, it has formulated a two-pronged growth strategy, which is dependent upon the cash flow of the company. In addition, the company is also looking forward to new channels of product distribution in order to increase sales. Since, 70 % of the total sales of the company come from impulse purchase that is why the company is also targeting restaurants, pubs and petrol stations to sell their products. Apart from the mission statements, strategies and objective the organizational culture of a company plays a crucial role in its success. In addition, the working practice and the areas which provide the company an

Lush Company Structure

Lush Company Structure As an entrepreneurial venture, Lush company is acknowledged as the successful cosmetic retailer which is created by Mark and Mo Constantine in Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom under the name of Cosmetic House Limited in 1994 (Wikipedia, 2012). It was in 1995 that they adopted Lush as companys name due to the competition ran in the fledgling companys first handmade newsletter and catalogue. Nowadays, Lush company has almost over 820 stores in 50 countries all over the world (Lush Website, 2012). Product and service Lush companys products are: bath products, shower products, hair products, face and beauty products, body lotions and other products, perfume. But the innovation and highlights of the products in Lush company are: differentiation, communication, fresh ingredients, environmentally-friendly packing. Producers use the fresh fruits or vegetables to make different shaped products with different color for looking artisanal, which create the differentiation on the market. Besides, each producers name will be located on the products label for connecting the customer on the personal level and promoting the brand. Lush company also encourages the ethical value such as packing with the recycled materials (Marketline, 2008). According to the different types of innovation by Schumpeter (See Appendix1), Lush company belongs to type1 the introduction of a new or improved good or service (Paul Burns,2011). Service: Lush company not only provides the considerate service in the store but also providing the remade order for customer through the website. Consumers can also communicate with Lush through the publication of Lush Times (Lush Website, 2012). Business Model Stewart and Zhao (2000) define the model as a statement of how a firm will make money and sustain its profit stream over time. Therefore, the business model represents how the firm will be running. As Gary Hamel (2001) believes that there are four components of a business model, namely, core strategy (competition strategy), strategic resources( how a firm acquires and uses its internal and external resources), partnership network( suppliers, partners, other relationships), customer interface(how to interact with customers). For Lush Company, I the form below can illustrate its business model. Core strategy Business mission -We Believe (See appendix 2) Product Scope personal care products Basis for differentiation Use fresh ingredients and products are handmade Strategic resources Core competenciesunique style of retail, retain its original focus, we believeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Strategic assets- corporation culture, brand reputation, ethical beliefs Partnership network A private owned company with subsidiaries in global Customer interface Target customer- young adult women ages12-30, diverse customer due to divers products Fulfillment and support-natural ingredients and anti-animal testing trade Pricing structure- lower than the luxury brand like The Body Shop, higher than the products in the supermarkets. Target market A firms target market is the small number of group of individuals or business that it pursues or tries to appeal to in a certain time (Bruce R. and R. Duane Ireland, 2012).The primary target market of Lush focuses on the young adult women who ages 18-45, the urban adult women in highly populated cite, and the diverse market due to the diverse products. The second target market is the acquaintances of the primary target market (Kwilkison, 2012). Pricing strategy Price is the only component in the marketing mix that generates revenue, all other elements stand for costs( Kotler and Armstrong,2001). The most used methods to set the price of products for the entrepreneur are cost-based pricing and value-based pricing(Bruce R. and R. Duane Ireland, 2012). As Lush company uses the natural ingredients for handmade products, therefore, they price their products based on the costs rather than on what the market thinks it should receive. Compared with the local competitors and supermarkets, Lush products price a litter higher but less than the famous cosmetic company like Body Shop(Lush marketing project, 2012). Lush offers customers good value, most of their products varies from designing style and weight, which is also the value of products, therefore, Lush prices different item based on the ingredients and weight with high quality. Brand Management Branding contributes to the development of a company, a strong brand could become the powerful assets of a firm. As Bruce R. and R. Duane Ireland (2012) pointed that One of the keys to effective branding is to create a strong personality for a firm, designed to appeal to the chosen target market. Lush standardize its brand and stick to its value when globalize its market. Partners must use brand name Lush rather than translated local language like Chinese in Twian, Japanese in Japan((Schmitt, Pan and Tavassoli 1994; Tavassoli1999; Zhang and Schmitt, 2001). Concentrating on promoting brand value and emphasizing the beliefs of Lush, against animal testing, using fresh ingredients, making handmade products, protecting the planet, supporting communities and promoting happy people making happy soap (Marketline, 2008). Localization of subsidiaries on website, all the subsidiaries of Lush should share the common value with Lush but they can promote products with different methods for adapting to the local market(Ping-Kuan Lin, 2012). Route to market insource vs outsource Insource The insource of Lush can be understood as the internal competencies, mainly, the differentiation of products, the unique retail style. As those competencies could solidify the firms role in the external source and it lies at the heart of the business model (Applegate, 2001; Viscio and Pasternack, 1996). Minimum packagingusing recyclable and reusable materials as packaging, naked packing campaign(See appendix 3). Customizationinteracting with the customers through the publication of Lush Times. Ethical campaign replaces the advertising In August 21, 2008,Lush and Sea Shepherd launched Partnership Campaign to Protect Sharks(Wendy Evans,2009). Advertising by the smell and experience in store. Outsource Lush company encourages partners to invest in its firm and gives them exclusive rights to develop their brand, besides, they also embarked on single store franchising in some countries like France, Italy, Spain(Lush Website, 2012). E-strategy E-strategy is mainly shown form the firms website, the business models on the web that Lush used is the manufacturing model which uses the web to reach buyers directly and compressing the distribution channel. There are mainly three key parts on their web, purchasing part, customer-focus part, company propaganda part. Buyers purchase products through the categories on the web(See appendix4) Customer can reserve the limited products through section of Retro and find news of Lush on Lush Times(See appendix 5) Company information presented on the web intends to attract partners and connect the subsidiaries(See appendix 6) Funding As the firm grows, it requires a large amount of money to operate as the basis of serving the customers. In the beginning, Lush is private owned by Mark and Mo Constantine but with a small number of shares, with the expanding of the firm, Lush gradually relied on the funds of partners in the team, Andrew Gerrie one of the Lush partners said that Lush is funded by a team who started the business together with funds from a wealthy investor (Startups, 2002). Innovation of Lush It is important for the entrepreneur to have a good venture idea for running a business. Therefore innovation penetrates the whole process in the venture. Trott (2008) believes that innovation= theoretical conception + technical (or process) invention + commercial exploitation. For lush company, their business idea comes from the interests of Mark Constantine and Elizabeth Wire in beauty therapy, then they developed many recipes and sold them to other companies until 1976, they contracted with The Body Shop as one of their suppliers (Wikipedia,2012). For an entrepreneur, the innovation is not always a continuous process which will be influenced by the dramatic changes in the market, social, technology as well as the regulatory environments (Paul Burns, 2011). In order to keep innovative, in 2003, Lush company launched a new beauty brand and retail concept, B Never Too Busy To Be Beautiful, there are only four shops of this brand located in UK, (Journal of MarketWatch, 2003). By keepi ng the small numbers of stores with a unique location, Lush could increase the desirability of products to customers and encourage the existing-consumers loyalty (Marketline, 2008). It is believed that in the future, Lush would emerge much more creative brand to satisfy the customers. Stick to the original focus In the intensive competition of the market, entrepreneurial ventures would come across the risk of takeover by the leader of the industrial, some of the firms will agree on takeover in order to make profits, for instance, Bees by Clorox, and The Body Shop by LOreal (Marketline, 2008). But, Lush still insist its independence and avoids any demands for takeover. Whats surprised me is that, as the best suppliers for The Body Shop, Mark and Mo Constantine didnt give into the compromise of Anita Roddick, founder of The Body Shop. If you were going to sell the leading ethical company in the world, there couldnt be a much worse choice than LOreal, (Mark Constantine quoted in Financial Times,2007). This comments showed that in order to retain their original focus, they will never accept takeover, and only the independent operation can facilitate the advancement of their brand. Recognizing and coping with risks It is believed that entrepreneurs are more intended to make decisions through the different using of information or employing heuristics and rules, depending on their instincts and intuition (e.g., Schwenk, 1986; Cooper et al., 1995; Forlani and Mullins, 2000). Therefore, it is important to recognize the risks of starting up the business. For Lush company, the previous years, the manager in the store have to forecasts the products demands for deciding the amounts of products, the lack of accurate predicting generated the risks of lost sales and lower customer services(Prophix, 2012). However, they uses the retro part of website to make sure the producing quantities of products based on the customers reservation, which greatly save the costs of sales to a great extent. Furthermore, since The Body Shop has been taken over, Lush has to consider its risks of being taken over by leader of cosmetic industry, while Mark Constantine considered forming a staff ownership scheme for its company, which can prevent the business takeover Lush to some extent (Marketline, 2008). Although it is agreed to make the staff become the stakeholders in the company, Mark Constantine does not approve to turn Lush into a public company due to his untrusting of shareholders decision-making capability. If a business goes public it has to consider its shareholders above all else. I realize the people you can trust most are your own staff, (The Guardian, 2007). It is a controversial issue that the staff may lack the ability to make a good business decisions. Learn from Mark Constantine- the successful entrepreneur As an entrepreneur, the personality plays an important role in growing the business, the second resource indicates five personality factors of an entrepreneur, namely extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness and emotional stability (Barrick etal., 1991). Constantine shows those traits through his success of Lush. Hiring strategy employ those who are passionate, enthusiastic, ethical. Never being frightened Mark Constantine once stated that I went through a period when I was a bit frightened of the business. People who have very corporate businesses are rather frightened of them. If youre frightened youre constantly putting in layers and fiddling about because you dont know what youre doing, (Kate Walters, 2010). Creativity Lush holds 38 patents and Mark is proud of his focus, the continual supervising of products makes the company less vulnerable to innovative competitors (Kate Walters, 2010). Specific makes the entrepreneurial venture success Sheth et al (2000)state: The fundamental precepts of marketing remain unchanged, but more attention must be given to specific areas, such as customization and one-to-one approaches, which indicates the entrepreneur should follow the structure of the business and concentrate on the specific issues. Indeed, Lushs intense focus on customization, innovation of products and dynamic methods of promoting bring benefits of growing its business and facilitate the victory of the market.

Using Music to Teach Ethos :: Personal Narrative Teaching Essays

Using Music to Teach Ethos Introduction After teaching high school English reading and writing for four years, life led me to apply for a position teaching English at a state university. I was hired as an adjunct faculty member, but in my eyes, I was basically a utility man in the Major Leagues. The brief hour-long meeting with the adjunct coordinator was my first exposure to rhetoric and anything related to it. I knew what a rhetorical question was—don’t we all?—and I had heard people make comments such as â€Å"He might think he knows what he’s doing, but in all reality, his talk is all rhetoric.† Still, did I know how to teach this stuff to other people? On the college level? I sat down with the information the coordinator had given me and I found many helpful hints, ideas, and terms. I love terms. If I am given a list of terms, I can often use the definitions to find the common links and make the material teachable. I did an online search and found a Web site that broke down the various elements of rhetoric and included a list of terms. I was in heaven, rhetorically speaking. This first exposure to rhetoric was, I must admit, dull and dreary, much like Latin seemed to be where I used to teach. Dead languages, dead concepts—were the Ancient cultures good for anything other than art, stories, language, and great food? I decided that this seemingly dry material would have to be souped up a bit to attract college freshmen whose attention spans run between 10 and 15 minutes. Then, as Red Skelton might say, I had an apostrophe. I realized that the compositions my students write are comprised of sections, each an entity unto itself which contributes something to the overall essay. I remembered my senior year at UGA, taking â€Å"History and Analysis of Rock and Roll Music,† and the lessons we learned about the different sections of a song and how those sections are merged to create one complete unit. After reading a bit more about rhetorical appeals—ethical, logical, and emotional—I realized that the songs we listen to every day can be linked to this previously unknown, dry material.

Environmental Scan Paper Essay

The business environment of an organization reveals much about its competitiveness and the possible influences on the success of its strategies. The focus of this paper will be an environmental scan of the internal and external environments of two real-world firms, their competitive advantages and company strategies for creating value and sustaining competitiveness, measurement guidelines for verifying strategic effectiveness and their evaluation. Internal and External Environments Environmental scanning of the internal organizational environment focuses on company culture, employee-employee, manager-employee, and manager-manager, manager-shareholder interactions, in addition to organizational structure, natural resources’ access and brand awareness, among others (Schneider, 1995, p.70). Environmental scanning of the external organizational environment focuses on the analysis of the industry/immediate environment, national, and macro-environments. Analysis of the industry environment appraises the competitive Environmental Scan Paper

Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder Essays

Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder Essays Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder Paper Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder Paper Hamlet then turns his fury back on by talking to himself and showing that if he were not a coward, Claudius would be dead, ere this/ I should ha fatted all the region kites/ With this slaves offal refering to kites as vultures picking off dead bodies (of claudius? ) and he then explains: Why, what an ass i am! This is most brave/ That i, the son of a dear father murdered, Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell/ must like a whore unpack my heart with words/And fall a-cursing like a very drab. Hamlet here explains that he lines of the speech performed by the Player were just actions performed without soul, like a whore and that Pyrrhus was destined to kill Priam, and he chose to fill his destiny by matching his fury and causing bloodshed. Shakespeare explains through Hamlet that intensifications are what fantasy craves when it becomes a substitute for the life of the heart. During the play, we find that Hamlet has been given a different voice when his brain thinks about a situation, because his speech becomes clearer and more direct, where when his heart speaks, we find that he spews out his feelings of sadness. An example of his more direct speech comes in when he plans a play to be acted out to Claudius: I have heard/ That guilty creatures sitting at a play Ill have these players/ Play something like the murder of my father/ Before mine uncle / I know my course. In doing this, he hopes to expose Claudius by force. Schlegel argued that Hamlet passes from religious confidence to sceptical doubts, where Hamlet is keep to avenge his Father, Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, where in his soliloquy in act 2 shows that he is not so sure: The spirit that i have seen/ May be a devil, and the devil hath power/ Tassume a pleasing shape, yea, and perhaps/ Out of my weakness and my melancholy/ As he is very potent with such spirits/ Abuses me to damn me. Sir Thomas Browne suggested from this that apparitions and ghosts of departed persons are not souls, but walks of devils which prompt us into devilism and stray us from the path of God, where Hamlet is demanded by the Ghost to Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder and revenge is forbidden to Christians (Where Hamlet is a Christian prince). Hamlets job was to make sure that Claudius was guilty, so that his reason for revenge could remain neutral. The debate in which he found himself stuck in was that Death is the punishment/relief of God, and if he was to murder Claudius, he would be putting himself in Gods place, i. e blaspheming. Hamlet questioned if assassination was the only way of punishing in practice? Shakespeare gives Hamlet an alternative plan, based on his religious view that murderers proclaimed their malefactions, and proclaim meaning to state publicly, which would ultimately dethrone Claudius and save Hamlet from damnation. However, this plan would fail the final request from the Ghost and would oppose his fury. Shakespeare didnt let Hamlet follow his own mind because the play would fail as a tragedy. In conclusion, Hamlets soliloquys are significant because he, being the main character, has time to explore and share his deepest emotions, ultimately showing how the play is a tragedy, and ideas such as religion within Hamlets mind when making decisions such as whether to murder Claudius or not, and lastly his soliloquys show how he consults his heart and his mind, showing his self-discipline and power which in the end makes Hamlet a hero. Bibliography: * Hamlet William Shakespeare Heinemann Advanced Shakespeare, 1996 * Shakespearian Tragedy John Drakakis Longman Critical readers, 1992 * The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark William Shakespeare Penguin Books, 2002 * York notes on Hamlet Longman Critical Guides, 1980 * Schlegel www. wikipedia. com, Shakespeare and Tragedy * Sir Thomas Browne www. wikipedia. com, Ghosts and apparitions in literature.

Biography of Physicist Albert Einstein

Biography of Physicist Albert Einstein Albert Einstein was a theoretical physicist and one of the geniuses of 20th Century physics. His work has helped along our understanding of the universe. He was born and lived much of his life in Germany, before emigrating to the United States in 1933. Growing a Genius When he was five years old, Einsteins father showed him a pocket compass. Young Einstein realized that something in empty space affected the needle. He said the experience was one of the most revelatory of his life.  About a year later, Alberts education began.   Although he was clever and built models and mechanical devices for fun, he was also considered a slow learner. Its possible he was dyslexic, or he may have simply been shy. He was good at mathematics, especially calculus. In 1894, the Einsteins moved to Italy, but Albert stayed in Munich. The following year, he failed an exam which determined whether he could study for a diploma in electrical engineering in Zurich. In 1896, he renounced his German citizenship, not becoming a citizen of any other country until 1901. Also in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich and trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. He received his degree in 1900. Einstein worked from 1902 to 1909 as a technical expert at the patent office. During that time, he and  Mileva Maric, a mathematician, had a daughter Lieserl, born in January  1902. (What eventually happened to Lieserl is not know. Its possible she died in infancy or was put up for adoption.) The couple wasnt married until 1903. On May 14, 1904, the couples first son, Hans Albert Einstein was born. During this part of his life, Einstein began writing about theoretical physics. He also earned a doctorate from the University of Zurich in 1905 for a thesis called  On a new determination of molecular dimensions. Developing a Theory of Relativity The first of Albert Einsteins three 1905 papers looked at a phenomenon discovered by Max Planck. Plancks discovery indicating that electromagnetic energy seemed to be emitted from radiating objects in discrete quantities. This energy was directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation. Einsteins paper used Plancks quantum hypothesis for a description of the electromagnetic radiation of light. Einsteins second 1905 paper laid the groundwork for what would eventually become the special theory of relativity. Using a reinterpretation of the classical principle of relativity, which said that the laws of physics had to have the same form in any frame of reference, Einstein proposed that the speed of light remained constant in all frames of reference, as required by Maxwells theory. Later that year, as an extension of his theory of relativity, Einstein showed how mass and energy were equivalent.    Einstein held several jobs from 1905 to 1911, while still developing his theories. In 1912, he began a new phase of research, with the help of mathematician Marcel Grossmann. He called his new work the general relativity theory, which he was able to publish in 1915. It deals with the specifics of space-time theory as well as something called the cosmological constant. In 1914 Einstein became a German citizen and was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor at the University of Berlin. The Einsteins divorced on February 14, 1919. Albert then married his cousin Elsa Loewenthal. He received the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his 1905 work on the photoelectric effect.   Fleeing World War II Einstein renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to the United States in 1935. He became Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton University, and a United States citizen in 1940, while retaining his Swiss citizenship. Albert Einstein retired in 1945. In 1952, the Israeli government offered him the post of second president, which he refused. On March 30, 1953, he released a revised unified field theory. Einstein died on April 18, 1955. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered at an undisclosed place. Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

SWO Service Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

SWO Service - Case Study Example However, in recent years it is facing various problems related to maintaining sustainability of its business. It has acquired a substantial sales order for the upcoming six months but it needs to decide upon whether to expand its business further or not. This study discusses about the detailed company and industry analysis to have conclusive evidence to decide upon the sustainability of the business in future. First of all the key issues related to the company performance have been identified. Then the industry analysis has been performed which discusses about the internal and external business factors which have an impact on the company. Then the consumer analysis has been done which includes segmentation strategies and the product mix associated with each segments. Then the trade analysis, competitive analysis and external analysis of the company has also been done. An alternative analysis has been performed which discusses about the targeting of the particular segment consisting o f the mid-sized distributors and the relevant positioning and promotional strategies to be employed by the company. Lastly, a recommendation has been provided regarding the best strategy needed to be applied by the company to regain its competitive advantage in the market and have a sustainable growth and development in future. Table of Contents Problems and Analysis 5 Issues 5 Constraints 5 Objectives 5 Industry Analysis 5 Internal Factors 6 External Factors 6 Key Success Factors 7 Consumer Analysis 7 Trade Analysis 8 Competitive Analysis 9 External Analysis 9 Political Factors 10 Economical Factors 10 Technological Factors 10 Corporate Capabilities 11 Alternative Analysis 11 Recommendation 12 Works Cited 13 Problems and Analysis Issues SWO Service is experiencing different kinds of issues which are having a significant impact on the performance and growth of the company. The company has failed to generate revenues at a steady rate since its inception. The penetration pricing strat egy followed by the company initially helped it to increase its market share but now it is facing problems to successfully position its products and is losing sales on various grounds. Constraints The constraint that can be identified as regards to SWO Service is the financial constraint. It does not have adequate fund sources available to them to expand its business on a large scale. Objectives The personal objectives include more profit required by the owners of the company. It is in accordance with the company objective which is to decide upon expansion of its business to increase the profitability of the company. Industry Analysis In order to facilitate the formulation of a successful strategy and help in its decision making process regarding the sustainability of the business processes followed by SWO Service it requires to have a comprehensive analysis of the industry in which it is operating its business activities. Industry analysis actually involves identification of the ec onomic factors that helps a company to boost its performance and profitability in the operating industry (Palepu, and Healy 2-16). Industry analysis of SWO Service includes identification and analysis of its internal and external business environment which is explained below: Internal Factors Strengths George, one of the owners of SWO Service is one of its strength. George is experienced in the field of software industry and has the acumen of all different technical aspects of the software industry. Moreover SWO Service develops quality software which is acknowledged by the customers. Weaknesses The organizational structure of SWO Service is one of its major weaknesses. The various business activit

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

History - Essay Example At the core of the issue was their original demand for representation but not independence. The American leaders knew that the nation is destined for greater things than just being a colony. The economic atmosphere was likewise that of a new beginning; for the country was on the verge of becoming a great economic power herself due to its vast natural resources. The former British colonizers were exploiting American resources for export to its own colonies. The primary domestic concern of the newly-independent Americans was to preserve the nation so it will not fragment into small independent states. There were some frictions with the slave-holding Southern states such as the 3/5 clause which gave these Southerners a big political clout for every slave owned (Amar 17). Hyper-inflation was a big issue (Trask 1). Throughout much of Europe, the people there were overthrowing their own monarchies and tried to give back power to the people. The French Revolution, for example, tried to do t his by toppling their own king because their political structure was based on feudalism. The American framers of the constitution tried to imagine every political possibility that could happen in the distant future by integrating flexibility such as that by way of amendments. It also ensured checks and balances by making the three branches of government co-equal.

Women Issues and Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Women Issues and Prostitution - Essay Example The misconceptions, which follow, are many towards the rights of women. Women indulge in prostitution are sometimes considered to be "exclusive" of this society irrespective of the fact that they are the mirrors of those dilemmas which we ignore or which we feel shame to admit to ourselves. Society should consider and face this dilemma in the form of "prostitution". We will discuss some of the most common problems faced by the women of Canada today. Because of the pervasive and deeply rooted attitudes toward the legitimacy of sexual coercion in our society, our conceptions of normal male and female derive from taking coerced sexuality as the natural standard. And given that this is true, it is scarcely surprising that it should be considered to be normal for men not to like women at least to some extent, since they must perceive women as being misers and hoarders of a commodity they are led to believe they desperately desire and need. Nor is it surprising that they should identify themselves as 'true men' in accordance with the degree to which they are aggressive and dominant. Aggressive and dominant men get what they want; it is merely the forms of aggressiveness and dominance which vary, and is only when the forms resorted to involve the use or threat of violence that we are prepared to call it 'rape' and to punish those who commit it. (Schlesinger, 1977) Let us consider some of the cases of women in this aspect. One woman in this study who complained of rape, a young woman classified as 'idle,' and who was 'known as' a frequenter of the old Yorkville area of Toronto, disagreed about the standard. She felt that the man 'had gone too far,' whereas his reply was 'that he had used no more force than is usual for males during the preliminaries.' In another case, again involving a young woman, the woman rather sagely remarked that 'usually guys stop when you tell them to. This one didn't.' It is significant too that in both of these cases the men were middle-class, one a businessman and the other a semi-professional, and the women involved failed to conform to the stereotyped image of the 'real victim.' If the cases had come to trial, they are not the sort of men likely to have been judged to have resorted to unacceptable tactics, or who would be sent to jail for what they did because the women involved were not 'real victims.' These men, in common with most accused rapists, did not see anything wrong in what they had done. What the victim experienced as rape, they believed to be seduction. However, it is unbelievable that virtually none of these offenders believed that they were doing anything wrong; they did not see themselves as acting any differently from other men in society, and did not see, and resisted seeing, themselves as men who had broken the law. Almost all of them either saw, or went to quite incredible lengths to see, their behavior as 'normal' and acceptable. The extreme case simply believes everything he does in relation to women is acceptable, and after that there are subtler shadings in

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example for Free

Annotated Bibliography Essay In this assessment I shall describe an Annotated Bibliography on Autistic Spectrum Disorder. The important factors of inclusion in educational settings will be discussed and how parents as partners can help children’s development. Autism is a condition which affects children’s development their whole life. Autism is a brain disorder that is diagnosed normally in early childhood and autistic children can show bad behaviour and can become fairly aggressive and temperamental. Many education settings have provided additional support to young children alongside other children, however this is to include an inclusive practice. Children with autism have many difficulties in three main areas: 1) Social Awareness Find making friends and interacting with others very difficult, and do not always make eye contact when someone is talking to them. 2) Language Communication Find it hard to explain how their feeling and what their thinking and they also communicate in high pitch tones and have severe delay in speech. 3) Imagination – Do not always understand that others have thoughts and feelings and have limited imagination. Reid (2005, p.29) quotes â€Å"There may also be evidence of obsessive and inappropriate behaviours. Some students within this spectrum may also have limited imaginative thought†. In society before, children with autism were misunderstood and their negative behaviour was labelled and because of their negative behaviour children were punished frequently. During that time there was no guidance and support available for children with autism from the government and local authorities. There was none specialised equipment/resources for children to learn and develop further, which would help with this particular disability. There are many barriers for children with autism in mainstream schools like adapting activities, schools may not have enough space and specialised equipment for making the activity adaptable. Children may have certain needs to be tended to so staff need to be trained to deal with children with autism, so some staff would need further training. However, another barrier could be that the parents do not admit that their child has autism, so parents do not attend meetings with staff and acquire the right guidance and support. Some parents may feel that their child is not normal, as the community they come from might have an ideal image of a family, for instance referring to a child who has perfect physical appearance. The medical model sees society or a practice to cure a disability to fit into society, and the social model sees that the child is not the problem, but the attitudes towards disability is the problem. Adults need to provide children with a safe and enabling environment for them to learn and develop in, so children with autism should be treated equally and fairly, like all children and must feel included in their environment. Meanwhile, when providing activities for children with autism adults must give children time for themselves and let them explore, so they can learn at their own pace. Reid (2005, p. 29) states that â€Å"It is important to allow for opportunities that will enable the student some time on his/her own†. However the adult should also involve other children when doing a specific activity for the child with autism, so the child does not feel alone, even though children with autism prefer to play alone. The adult should support and encourage the child and help them complete the activity, by helping the child using hand in hand contact for example the adult holding the child’s hand etc. The adult’s role is to talk to the children slowly and calmly, and use simple words so they understand and an effort should be made towards them so they feel the sense of security. Vygotsky was a theorist and his theory was on the Zone of Potential Development (ZPD), his theory stresses the importance of when a more knowledgeable adult/child helps a less knowledgeable child, so by helping him/her complete the task he/she could not done alone, he called this ZPD. Vygotsky saw that adults need to be involved with children strongly. Lindon (1998, p.66) clearly states â€Å"He saw early language as an important social tool for children which brought them deliberately into contact with others†. Adults should provide children with activities where they can use all their senses like touch, smell, taste, sound and sight, so providing them toys with flashing lights, soft toys and puppets which will show affection etc. Vygotskys theory is seen as a scaffolding process where the child imitates the practitioner’s actions, and is a one to one process centring the child individual needs first. Involving parents in these situations can be very difficult, so it is very important to build a relationship with trust and respect, this will help the parent to feel comfortable. Cheminais (2006, p. 101) quotes that â€Å"Clear communication and mutual respect help to promote positive productive working relationships between the two partners†. In my nursery we have a folder for a child with autism and in that folder we have IEP sheets where we constantly observe and monitor the child. We also give some IEP sheets to the parent as well so they also monitor the child at home, this helps us to see how the child is doing at home and at nursery. We then have meetings with the parents, where we can discuss the child’s progress, this helps us to see the stage of development. Furthermore these sheets help us to plan and provide for the child further. Communication books can also help as the parent can read them, as this will have the child’s daily routine written in, so parents will feel reassured that their child is safe. (Johnston and William, 2009, p.399-402) Schools and settings can support children with autism by having SENCO’s (Special educational needs co-ordinator), so children who need extra support can have one to one attention from one main person. Meanwhile they can provide specialised resources like sensory based toys like flashing light toys. Also having family workers can help children, as they can support and guide parents, by having regular sessions where they can discuss where the child needs help and if necessary involve outside agencies. An inclusive environment for children with autism is essential for children to reach their full potential, as this will build their self esteem and confidence. The environment must be warm and friendly for children and parents, however having posters of children with SEN will help children’s parents see there are many types of SEN children. The room must be facilitated to meet children’s needs for example tables and chairs must be at the child’s level and layout of the room must be spacious for wheelchair users, so ramps and stair lifts must be provided. Activities must be adaptable for children with, so they can participate and learn from different experiences, just like all children. Children with autism must be given a range of resources/specialist equipment, therefore this will meet their needs so they are equally included. Resources like flash cards, textured materials, soft toys, flashing lights, also natural resources aswel like plants, must be provided as children with autism respond to sensing materials. In my nursery where I work, there is a child with autism, he likes to line objects horizontally and vertically and when playing he constantly repeats the same pattern. The child repeats the same pattern again and again, he shows some independence and confidence in this situation, and repeats his schema. Piaget was a theorist and his idea of schema was, Lindon (1998, p. 72) says â€Å"Patterns of behaviour that are linked through a theme and from which a child generalises and explores in different situations†. There are many legal requirements that support the actions which need to be taken when a child may have special needs. The Disability Discrimination Act (1995) supports the actions which need to be taken, with children with SEN; this Act says that it would be illegal for settings not to make reasonable adjustments for people who have a disability. A perfect example of effective practice is Terry, J (2009, p.30) says â€Å"Autism is recognised as a disability under the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) 1995 (DCSF, 2009), and some children and young people will have associated or additional complex developmental difficulties that require the high level of co-ordinated support delivered by Early Support†. The Special Education Needs Disability Act (2001) also supports children with SEN. This Act is separated in two sections, part one develops the framework of SEN, to reinforce the rights of parents and their children to enter mainstream education and part two develops the Disability Discrimination Act (1995) to expand the rights of SEN children in schools. The main key points of these Acts are that children with disabilities are treated well, and that they are entitled to study the National Curriculum. In conclusion it is very important for schools and settings to provide a learning and friendly environment for children with autism. Therefore they must provide useful and quality resources and specialised equipment to meet children’s individual needs, so children can reach their utmost best, build their self esteem and confidence and also enjoy themselves. Schools and settings can also work with outside agencies and help to meet parents and children’s needs. As a result parents can get advice and support from other professionals and other agencies, on the other hand children’s certain needs can be tend to and learning experiences maximised. All staff must be trained to deal with children with autism so they can observe, plan and provide for children with certain needs which need to be met. So then children can develop their next stage of development, Furthermore parents working with teachers can help children’s development enormously as their needs are most likely to be met. As parents are their primary carers, so they know their child/children’s likes, dislikes and interests. Staff can then plan and provide children with challenging activities which children will enjoy and develop further.

Diet and Nutrition Case Study

Diet and Nutrition Case Study Warda Abdulkadir Ahmed Diet and Digestion TAQ 1) 3 day meal plan for pregnant mother This meal plan for an expectant mother was designed as firstly the calorie intake required daily is increased to supply the placenta and growing baby the required energy to grow healthily. An estimated 300 more calories in the second and third trimesters. I have chosen foods high in iron and folic acid as these are needed in abundance by both mother and baby. A pregnant woman needs 60mg of protein and 1200mg of calcium I have sought to incorporate this through lean servings of meat and fish daily as well as porridge oats with milk. Three day meal plan for elderly male patient Nutrition is an important determinant of health in an elderly person. I chose this meal plan as the meals are low in fat, refined sugar and sodium, and high in essential nutrients such as fibre, vitamins and minerals. Following this meal plan helps the individual avoid gout, stroke, high blood pressure, heart disease arthritis, cancer, respiratory disorders, and difficulty in passing stools, obesity and type 2 diabetes. One major concern in an elderly person is obtaining sufficient fluid intake. 3 day meal plan for Teenage Athlete Case in point average height and weight of 17 year old male to be 5’10 and 10 stones/63 kg – This body mass index falls in the 50th percentile of the mean average Taking into account average male calorific requirement (2500 calories), this is to be exceeded by around 35 – 65 % based on exceeded average energy expenditure for athletic performance/training as well as a general faster metabolic rate for a teenage male opposed to a mature male. The meal plan incorporates 5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day and a higher than average protein content mostly made up of chicken and fish and only one portion of red meat as to reach the protein threshold from a higher proportion of red meat is deemed generally as unhealthy, causing over a long period higher blood pressure and increased risk of stomach and bowel cancer. Due to the athletic activities to be undertaken there is an emphasis on consuming fluids and an excess and varied selection of carbohydrates is consumed daily. The diet is low in saturated fat and sugar TAQ 2) Type 2 diabetes can result from an inadequate diet, an inadequate diet can be defined as a deficiency, and a deficiency can be too great or too little of one specific food group in a healthy diet. Too much sugar in a person’s diet is a major factor in contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes. Specifically sucrose, sucrose and sugar are not actually required by the body so their consumption can be deemed as a deficiency in itself. Furthermore the excess consumption of sugar can lead to an increase in weight and obesity which in turn increases the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. Higher than normal blood glucose levels cumulatively over a long period leads to insulin resistance. Atherosclerosis, the clogging of the arteries can be a secondary effect of having type 2 diabetes but in most cases is caused by too high a fat content in one’s diet, more specifically consuming too much saturated fat often found in processed foods and a lack of unsaturated fats with high density lipids and beneficial cholesterol lowering effect on the body. A diet with a frequency of fruit and vegetables has a negating effect as well as oily fish, nuts and seeds, sunflower and seed oils. Rickets is usually caused by a lack of vitamin D and/or calcium. Physiologically most of our vitamin D comes from sunlight not our food and the process of calcium absorption is very dependent on vitamin D levels in the body. However we do garner some vitamin D from food. Eggs, oily fish and cereals are all good sources of vitamin D and deficiencies in these food types regardless of UV exposure could contribute to the onset of rickets. Milk and other dairy products have the highest calcium content and a lack of dairy as well as green vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage can have a detrimental effect on calcium uptake in the body. TAQ 3) Digestion is necessary as it breaks down the size of food to make digestion a more efficient process food is broken down into smaller constituent parts so the surface area for the active sites for enzymes to occur increases. Proteins are broken down into peptides, which are then broken down into single amino acids that allow absorption into the bloodstream through the small intestine. Absorption occurs when the food enters the body as the food molecules pass through a layer of cells and into the bodies’ tissues. This occurs in the small intestine which has many villi that are specialised for absorption. Assimilation occurs when the food molecules becomes part of the bodies tissue. b) TAQ 5) The digestive tract, consisting of the stomach, small and large intestines. The stomach is made of three layers of smooth muscle fibres, an outer layer of longitudinal fibres middle layer of circular fibres and an inner layer of oblique muscle fibres. This arrangement allows for the churning effect of gastric activity. When the stomach is empty the mucous membrane lining is thrown into folds or rugae when the stomach has contents these folds are ironed out.Numerous gastric glands are situated below the surface in the mucuous membrane. The small intestine also has layers,the peritoneum is a double layer and connects the jejunum and ileum to the abdominal wall.The attatchment is short and fan shaped,large blood vessels and nerves pass between the two layers.Their is also a mucousa present here it contains villi and microvill it has a large surface area and many folds.Their are circular folds which act to mix chyme,the villi in this mucousal layer contibute to final stages of digestion.There are also lymph nodes within the mucousa which release defense cells against ingested antigens. The large intestine also has a mucosa ; made of simple columnar epithelial tissue. The mucosa is smooth, unlike the small intestine lacks villi however it does have a large number of mucous glands secreting mucus into the hollow lumen as to lubricate the surface of the large intestine and protect it from rough food particles. Surrounding the mucosa is a layer of blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue, the submucosa, which is there to support the other layers of the large intestine. The muscularis layer surrounds the submucosa and contains many layers of visceral muscle cells that contract and move the large intestine. Finally, the serosa forms the outermost layer. The serosa is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelial tissue that secretes watery serous fluid to lubricate the surface of the large intestine. protecting it from friction between abdominal organs and the surrounding muscles and bones of the lower torso. References Gerard J. Tortola, Mark Nielsen Principles of Human Anatomy, 13th Edition December 2013 2014 http://www.valuepenguin.com/nutrition. Last accessed 10/03/2015 John Evans, Alison Lansley and Michael J. Sanderson, (2006), Biology A level Richard Parsons (2010) AS/A2 Level Biology AQA Complete Revision Practice Smith, A. (2012). Get instant biology help. Available: http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/ Last accessed 05/03/2015 Waugh, Anne and Grant, Allison (2006) Ross and Wilson: Anatomy and physiology in health and illness. (10th edition). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

Theme of Deception in Much Ado About Nothing Essay -- Much Ado About N

Theme of Deception in Much Ado About Nothing Each of the main characters in Much Ado About Nothing is the victim of deception, and it is because they are deceived that they act in the ways that they do. Although the central deception is directed against Claudio in an attempt to destroy his relationship with Hero, it is the deceptions involving Beatrice and Benedick which provides the play's dramatic focus. Nearly every character in the play at some point has to make inferences from what he or she sees, has been told or overhears. Likewise, nearly every character in the play at some point plays a part of consciously pretending to be what they are not. The idea of acting and the illusion it creates is rarely far from the surface - Don Pedro acts to Hero, Don John acts the part of an honest friend, concerned for his brother's and Claudio's honour; Leonato and his family act as if Hero were dead, encouraged to this deception by, of all people, the Friar who feels that deception may be the way to get at truth; and all the main characters in the plot pretend to Benedick and Beatrice so convincingly that they reverse their normal attitudes to each other. In I.1 Don Pedro offers to play Claudio and win Hero for him. This plan is overheard, and misreported to Antonio. His excited retailing of the false news of Don Pedro's love for Hero to Leonato is, however, not without some caution: the news will be good as 'the event stamps them; but the have a good cover, they show well outward' (I.2.6). Leonato shows a sense here that he could well do with later in the play: 'Hath the fellow any wit that told you this?' . . . 'we will hold it as a dream' . . . 'peradventure this be true'. Admittedly he does not question the 'good sharp ... ...ne else in the play the power of language to alter reality, and the issues of conscious or unconscious deceit. It shouldn't be forgotten that in the body of the play those who are masters of a language of extraordinary wit and polish - language that seems to guarantee rationality and good judgement - get things almost completely wrong. The resolution of the play comes via the agency of the people whose discourse is an assault on language, who are dismissed - by Leonato - as 'tedious' when they should be patiently listened to. But, as Borachio says 'what your wisdoms could not discover, these shallow fools have brought to light' (V.1.221-222). And even more disturbing, that resolution comes by mere accident: by the chance overhearing of a conversation. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. Much Ado about Nothing. Ed. A.R. Humphreys. New York: Routledge, 1994.

Example Of Differentiation & Positioning

Figure 1. 1 is a positioning map showing our target customers' percetions of our brand versus competing products on important buying dimensions, which are price and quality. Here shows two of our competitors, one is mcdonald which has large market share with low percieved price and quality. Another is a famous snack shop called Fie Jie located in Mong Kok. It is perceived low price and a quite good quality. And you can also see the predicted position of our brand whcih is perceived high price and quality.In order to choose a differentiation and positioning strategy, we need to identify possible value differences and competitive advantages. It is clear that we have product differentiation. First, bur-dle is differ from traditional burgers that bur-dle use noodles instead of breads as the envelope. Second, bur-dle is portable noodles that can take away by hand. These value difference help bur-dle to gain competitve advantage to overcome its bad competitor environment. Then, what differ ence are bur-dle going to promote? The first one is important. Bur-dle is important to our target customers that it is portable and made to order.Portable is important to our target customers that they prefer to eat and walk on the street at the same time. Made to order is important to our target customers that they always prefer a fresh one. The second one is distinctive. Bur-dle is distinctive that it is portable noodles and concern about vegetarians. In fact, we provide bur-dle without meat especially for vegetarians. For value proposition, it is more for more. Bur-dle sells at $25 whcih is generally higher than our competitors, for example mcdonald. On the other hand, bur-dle's quality is high.As mentioned before, bur-dle use meat supplied by companies that have quality guarantee, awards and recognitions. In addition, bur-dle is made to order, which means they are made only when customers order. For the tpye of buying behavior of our target customers, it is variety-seeking buyin g behavoir since there are low comsumer involvement and significant difference among brands. If there is variety-seeking buying behavior, there may be brand switching not because of dissatisfaction, but due to customers want to try new things. Therefore, we would like to provide more choices for our target customers.

Gregg Toland essays

Gregg Toland essays Cinematography is the art of filmmaking. It is a technical practice, which has evolved into an aesthetic expression that portrays customs or tendencies of society. (Mauer, Mornik, n.d.) Cinematography is the heart and backbone of cinema. Without the scientific advancements made early on motion pictures wold not have advanced beyond the simple technology of early instruments such as the zoetrope. George Horner invented the zoetrope in 1834. It consists of a simple drum with an open top, supported on a central axis. A sequence of hand-drawn pictures on strips of paper are placed around the inner bottom of the drum. Slots are cut at equal distances around the outer surface of the drum, just above where the picture strips were to be positioned. (Elsaesser, Barker, November 1990) When the device is spun it creates the illusion of movement. From this illusion of movement inspiration for advancement to technologies that would create the illusion of reality were born. Technical an d artistic innovations by cameramen have always been a major factor in the development of movies, and their requirements have been met at every turn by the manufactures of cameras, filmstocks, lighting equipment and other necessities of the trade. (Turner, February 19, 2002) Gregg Toland was born in Charleston Illinois on May 29th 1904. When Toland was a child he attended technical school, intending on being an electrical engineer. The desire to make technological advancements never left Toland as he switched emphasis from electronics to film. At the age of 15 he got a job at Fox Films as an office boy. A year later he became assistant cameraman on Al St. Johns two-reel comedies. From this position he quickly rose to the position of second cameraman to Arthur Edeson. Edeson was a former actor turned cinematographer who is responsible for such films as The Invisible Man and Frankenstein. (Ankeny, n.d....