The Horsehead Nebula A Dark Cloud With a Familiar Shape

The Milky Way Galaxy is an amazing place. Its filled with with stars and planets as far as astronomers can see. It also has these mysterious regions, clouds of gas and dust, called nebulae. Some of these places are formed when stars die, but many others are filled with cold gases and dust particles that are the building blocks of stars and planets. Such regions are called dark nebulae. The process of starbirth often begins in them. As stars are born in these cosmic crà ¨ches, they heat up the leftover clouds and cause them glow, forming what astronomers call emission nebulae. The Peony Nebula (shown here in an image from the Spitzer Space Telescope), contains one of the most massive stars in the universe: WR 102a. It is surrounded by clouds of gas and dust similar in nature to those in the Horsehead. NASA/Spitzer Space Telescope.   One of the most familiar and beautiful of these space places is called the Horsehead Nebula, known to astronomers as Barnard 33. It lies about 1,500 light-years from Earth and is between two and three light-years across. Due to the complex shapes of its clouds that are lit by nearby stars, it appears to us to have the shape of a horses head. That dark head-shaped region is filled with hydrogen gas and grains of dust. Its very similar to the cosmic Pillars of Creation, where stars are also being born in clouds of gas and dust. The Depths of the Horsehead Nebula The Horsehead is part of a larger complex of nebulae called the Orion Molecular Cloud, which spans the constellation of Orion. Studded around the complex are little nurseries where stars are being born, forced into the birth process when the cloud materials are pressed together by shock waves from nearby stars or stellar explosions. The Horsehead itself is a very dense cloud of gas and dust that is backlit by very bright young stars. Their heat and radiation cause the clouds surrounding the Horsehead to glow, but the Horsehead blocks light from directly behind it and thats what makes it appear to glow against the backdrop of reddish clouds. The nebula itself is made up largely of cold molecular hydrogen, which gives off very little heat and no light. Thats why the Horsehead appears dark. The thickness of its clouds also block the light from any stars within and behind. Part of the Orion Molecular Cloud complex, which also contains the Horsehead. Wikimedia, Rogelio Bernal Andreo, CC BY-SA 3.0 Are there stars forming in the Horsehead? Its hard to tell. It would make sense that there could be some stars being born there. Thats what cold clouds of hydrogen and dust do: they form stars. In this case, astronomers dont know for sure. Infrared light views of the nebula do show some parts of the clouds interior, but in some regions, its so thick that the IR light cant get through to reveal any star birth nurseries. So, its possible that there could be newborn protostellar objects hidden deep inside. Perhaps a new generation of infrared-sensitive telescopes will someday be able to peer through the thickest parts of the clouds to reveal star birth crà ©ches. In any case, the Horsehead and nebulae like it give a peek at what our own solar systems birth cloud might have looked like. The Horsehead Nebula in infrared light. Astronomers use this form of light to search for newborn stars hidden inside the clouds of gas and dust. NASA/ESA/STScI Dissipating the Horsehead The Horsehead Nebula is a short-lived object. It will last perhaps another 5 billion years, buffeted by radiation from young nearby stars and their stellar winds. Eventually, their ultraviolet radiation will erode away the dust and gas, and if there are any stars forming inside, they will use up a lot of the material, too. This is the fate of most nebulae where stars form — they get consumed by the starbirth activity going on inside. Stars that form withini the cloud and in nearby regions emit such strong radiation that whatever is left over is eaten away by a process called photodissociation. It literally means that the radiation tears apart the molecules of gas and blows away the dust. So, about the time that our own star begins to expand and consume its planets, the Horsehead Nebula will be gone, and in its place will be a sprinkling of hot, massive blue stars. Observing the Horsehead This nebula is a challenging target for amateur astronomers to observe. Thats because its so dark and dim and distant. However, with a good telescope and the right eyepiece, a dedicated observer can find it in the winter skies of the northern hemisphere (summer in the southern hemisphere). It appears in the eyepiece as a dim grayish fog, with bright regions surrounding the Horsehead and another bright nebulae below it. Many observers photograph the nebula using time-exposure techniques. This allows them to gather more of the dim light and get a satisfying view that the eye just cant capture. An even better way is to explore the Hubble Space Telescopes views of the Horsehead Nebula in both visible and infrared light. They provide a level of detail that keeps the armchair astronomer gasping at the beauty of such a short-lived, but important galactic object.   Key Takeaways The Horsehead Nebula is part of the Orion Molecular Cloud complex.The nebula is a cloud of cold gas and dust in the shape of a horses head.Bright nearby stars are backlighting the nebula. Their radiation will eventually eat away at the cloud and eventually destroy it in about five billion years.The Horsehead lies about 1,500 light-years away from Earth. Sources â€Å"Bok Globule | COSMOS.†Ã‚  Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/B/Bok Globule.Hubble 25 Anniversary, hubble25th.org/images/4.â€Å"Nebulae.†Ã‚  NASA, NASA, www.nasa.gov/subject/6893/nebulae.

Essay on Compare The Ostler and The Darkness Out There

Compare The Ostler and The Darkness Out There In this essay I will compare two stories - The Ostler, written in the 19th century by a man called Wilkie Coliins, and The Darkness Out There, by Penelope Lively, written in the 20th century. They are both horror stories, a genre which has been popular throughout the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. This is perhaps because, since we are no longer scared on a daily basis, as would have been the case in medieval times, we need to find an artificial way of creating the thrill. I will look at the similarities and differences between the way each story is structured, the build up of tension, the settings and the characters. First I will summarise each story and look at their 19th and†¦show more content†¦The stories were written in different centuries. The Ostler was written in the 19th century and The Darkness Out There was written in the 20th century. There are many differences between them which make this obvious. The most obvious of these differences is that an ostler is a profession that does not exist today. They worked at inns, looking after the horses of travellers who were staying the night. In The Ostler, when the main character, Isaac, discovers that his fiancÃÆ' ©e is the woman who tried to murder him in his dream, he feels that he has to keep his word and marry her anyway, which probably would not happen today, because peoples ideas of what is right and wrong have changed, and most people do not have such a strong sense of duty. Although the character of a manipulative woman still appears in many stories, some aspects of Rebeccas background would not appear in a 20th century story. She is obviously from an upper class family but has somehow fallen. It is not clear how she came to be is the state she was when Isaac first met her, but some of the most common ways were to get pregnant outside of marriage, or have an affair with a married man. It is also possible that she has treated other men in the same way she treats Isaac, and that this has somehow contributed to her downfall. The language that is used in The Ostler also makes it clear that this is a 19th century story. Long words, suchShow MoreRelatedEssay about Faustus Study and Opening Speech3593 Words   |  15 Pageswhich held that learning was based on the authority of the wise rather than on experimentation and new ideas. This soliloquy, then, marks Faustus’s rejection of this medieval model, as he sets aside each of the old authorities and resolves to strike out on his own in his quest to become powerful through magic. As is true throughout the play, however, Marlowe uses Faustus’s own words to expose Faustus’s blind spots. In his initial speech, for example, Faustus establishes a hierarchy of disciplines

Best Friend Award Free Essays

Valerie Martinez CMST100 4/22/12 The Best Friend Award For my best award I chose my best friend, Arely. I chose Arely because I really that we’ve had a long friendship during high school, considering that things don’t always last during our high school years. Not only because we’ve been friends for so long, but also because I’ve gone through some hardships throughout those years and she was there for me. We will write a custom essay sample on Best Friend Award or any similar topic only for you Order Now She never gave up or got sick of me going to her and telling her all my feelings, in other words venting to her about everything. She knows me so well; I sometimes think she knows me better than I know myself. She’s always makes me feel better and I just love our friendship and I believe she deserves the best friend award. I decided to give her a letter telling her how much I appreciate her and thank her for her being my best friend. I also mentioned what I like about our relationship and what I wanted us to keep going and what I wanted to do to make things better for our relationship. This letter I wrote on was on white paper and I decorated it with a lot of pink because I know that is her favorite color. Arely and I both are taking the same class, so I don’t think she was that surprised to have gotten this letter. When I gave it to her, she didn’t read it till later that day. I got a text from her late at night that day and she said, â€Å" aww I love you†. Overall, I think this assignment is a really good idea. I think once in a while we need to remind the ones we love that we love them. There are many people that don’t do that and their friend might feel sad because they wish their friend could tell them they appreciate him or her. I know I don’t do that very often and writing this letter made me realize that I need to let the people that I care about know that I love them more often. How to cite Best Friend Award, Papers

Accounting Global Financial Crisis

Question: Write an essay on "Global Financial Crisis". Answer: Introduction Global financial crisis is a catastrophe that serves as a nightmare to the economists worldwide. Its a situation whereby the whole finance system suffers a great breakdown due to the misunderstanding between the parties involved. Its a situation whereby the involved financial parties assets and liabilities drop swiftly. The institutions suffer a noble panic making the investors jump into other conclusions like clearing out their savings from banks and panic spreads. Wrong expectations from the investors completely break the banks thinking that the value of goods will drop if they keep the association with the financial parties. Since the massive depression in the 1930s, financial crises have been an issue that the economists are always facing and dealing with each and day. It has been a significant influence on industries and investors since its start. Some crises have occurred over the past 40 years which have entirely transformed the economy of the affected countries and regions. ( C. Avery and P. Zemsky (1998) Financial crises Latam debt crisis of 1982 was a great hit to the Latin American countries. The victim countries were depending on other foreign countries on finances to fund their development and infrastructure strategies. Theirs insisted on borrowed money lend to the crisis when the countries were unable to pay their debts. The economy had grown, and the financial institutions readily gave out loans to the victims to a point where the shares had doubled in just some few years. Mexico was the first country to claim the crisis in 1982. The countries decided to seek help from the IMF and in later years, the Brady bonds were created consistently to decrease the loan levels of the Latin America countries. Savings and loans crisis began when the US regulators gave out loans at fixed rates. The interest rose, and the loans were difficult to pay due to the use of short-term money. Thanks to the president's involvement the crisis was resolved and schemes that resembled the Ponzi schemes were created. Several other crises have developed like the stock market crash which led to the famous day black Monday. The causes of this crash are still debated till now some claiming that technology took the bigger part of influencing the crisis. Junk Bond crashes a crisis that took place in 1989 which heavily impacted the US economy. Stills its causes are not approved, but some theories claim that the Ohio mattress fiasco and the buyout of the UAL led to the worst deals ever in finance (Crotty, J., 2009). The famous Asia crisis a repetition of the Latin crisis led to Thailand's currency collapsing and was in a huge debt to foreign countries. The country resolved the crisis after a big funding by the IM F. Dotcom bubble and the carbon copy crisis in Russia is other crisis's that face the world before the other greatest depression happened in the 2007-2008 era. Sub-prime mortgage crisis The sub-prime mortgage crisis was the largest crisis that hit the nation since the crisis in the 1930s. Triggered by the unexpected decrease in house prices after the homes bubble fell easing to the devaluation of homes securities. These led to mortgage foreclosure and the decline in residential investment. The amounts the businesses would spend on the homes investment gradually reduced and debts increased. Big financial institutions later fell in 2008 leading to a great commotion in the flow of credit between financial parties. Causes of financial crises The financial crises came into existence due to various reasons caused by financial institutions and the market. Banks were able to provide in a fast way to a lot of money to the people, and this led to skyrocketing of house prices. Bank loans had doubled in just seven years due to a huge amount of money disposed of into the economy. Every time the bank lends it creates new money thus the more times it lent out it created more money and increased the debt levels over time. When the banks had that large amount of money, they fully invested it into other sectors away from the business. The residential and commercial sector was the place the banks ran to when it came to investing. Around 40% of the money spent went to the residential property and commercial real estate's which pushed up the house prices and wages. (Grant, W. and Wilson, G.K., 2012) Lending of large amounts of money to the commercial and residential sector pushed up the debt levels. House prices were pushed up to pay the interest rates which had risen faster than the income rates. Some people were unable to pay the loans due to the high-interest rates. Banks were faced with dangers of going bankrupt and collapsing. Tension by the banks made the crisis grow even stronger. After they had realized the crisis had started the banks decided to limit lending out of money. These led to market prices going down and house prices dropped. Thus, the people who had borrowed a lot of money had to sell off their properties for them to repay the loans. These led to the shrinking of the economy due to the limited lending of money. Thus, fewer investments were made, and the public had to use their income to repay the enormous amount of loans. (Markus Brunnermeier, 2008) In my opinion, a financial crisis will not occur sometime soon. The impact the financial crisis of 2007 had in the nation and the world, it gave them a great lesson to learn and change. The market has been stable since that crisis, and the government and other financial institutions are working hard to be in control of the market. Its impact on the economy left marks on the economies which serve as a hard lesson learned. If banks keep on lending more money, and the number of borrowers increasing the government will put in some measures to hold on the crisis that might occur. Impact on Nepal and developing countries Developing countries like Nepal are essential to the world's economic and financial growth. Their key development strategies and plans have made them have such an impact on the world's economy. Projects that are undertaken and government policies that are in action have affected the economy in a big way (Crotty, J., 2009). The financial crisis was such a hit to Nepal and other developing countries. Their high dependence on loans for funding their economic developments was affected during the crises. Banks were no longer able to offer funds that would support their projects and the interest rates had scaled up. They had to look for other means which were very few at that time. The financial flows through the world market led to great losses in the developing countries taking others back to poverty. The millennium development goals were profoundly affected as Nepal, and other developing countries didnt have the resources to push forward the economy. They were unable to protect their ci tizens from the crisis thus had severe impacts caused by the financial crisis. (Markus Brunnermeier 2008) Years later Nepal and other developing countries have joined up, formed cooperations with one another and are calling up for their participation in the world's economic affairs. They have decided to work together and have raised reforms that made them heal after the crisis. They have created strategies to develop their economy and take it to as greater height. Nepal has made up decisions to have a restricted and independent monetary policy that will help them stabilize their economy. This move Nepal is been adapted by other countries to be fully in control of their economy and prevent future effects that may be caused by a crisis. The governments to ensure that borrowing of money is under control, and the economy is stable use monetary and fiscal policies. Proposed reforms to financial crisis Countries have attempted to raise work use especially by cutting work charges, putting off practical retirement ages, changing debilitating geniuses and supporting segment work market strategies (Active work market approaches). At the onset of the subsidence, most affiliation money related co-operation headway countries needed to upgrade the security net for occupation washouts by boosting unemployment benefit benevolence and stretching out degree to new get-togethers of workers. Then, more than 70% of affiliation fiscal co-operation progression countries raised resources for occupation hunt down help and get readied endeavors reviewing the finished objective to empower re-business and re-sending. (Grant, W. and Wilson, G.K., 2012) To bolster work demand, work-sharing blueprints were appeared or stretched out in 70% of affiliation fiscal co-operation change countries, work costs were cut and new business or contracting improvement strategies were shown, as often as could be normal in light of the current situation concentrating on fringe occupation seekers, for case, youth, more masterminded supervisors, or the whole game plan unemployed. Some impermanent assigns were in this way composed, and troublesome work market changes were done in the degrees of retirement arrangements, work security, scarcest wages and wage overseeing structures, especially with respect to the European obligation crisis. (C. Avery and P. Zemsky 1998) Concerning went for boosting work capacity, countries have been especially changing in redesigning the graph of their change approaches and overhauling their plan systems, while essentially less progress has been competent towards diminishing agrarian procedure fortify and clearing pieces to remote direct wind. The need to go on both higher progress and dependable money related union in various affiliation monetary co-operation headway countries has also given additional motivation to change all around arranged assessment changes that diminishment impediments to work and contribute. All making economies have completed systems gone for updating the quality and painstaking quality of their game plan structures, which is a key test these countries face to fulfill higher longings for standard solaces. Helped by their all things considered more reasonable monetary circumstances close to their higher change prospects, most huge rising countries continued setting assets into physical structure, another specific Going for Growth need in different them. By separation, less has been done to address other principal suitability redesigning needs, for instance, the diminishment of obstructions to business attempt and remote direct wander and the change of the standard of law and of affiliation structures. Given what has been done starting late, require should be given to advancement that can strengthen occupations concerning decided money related union. At the present point, there is a need to diminish the danger of unemployment consistency in different affiliation financial co-operation headway countries, which can be able through sensible Active work market orchestrates went for retraining cleared authorities and asking return to work. In such way, there is a case for protecting open spending on such start from cash related hardening tries. Precisely when recovery in labor market premium is solid, Active work market approaches should be joined by unemployment advantage changes with a point of view to overhauling work shines. Change especially composed responsibility changes could strengthen the associations substance of a recovery, while likewise getting the money for related union seeing that they are done in a way that raises charge pay. (C. Avery and P. Zemsky, 1998) These circuit emptying charge utilizes and moving the obligation gathering rate towards charge bases that are less unsavory to business and movement, for case, unfaltering property, use and ordinary appraisals. Thing showcase changes are an essential for some affiliation financial co-operation progression countries particularly in Europe, and could help transient change, especially if recognized in certain secured pieces, for event, retail trade and expert affiliations where the likelihood to quickly make occupations is to some degree high. By lifting proficiency and potential progress, such changes would relatively affect sly affect obligation stream and money related sustainability Concerns that developments may consolidate transient financial events before their motivations of premium start to have all the stores of being misrepresented (Blankenburg, S. and Palma, J.G., 2009) Considering first the collaborations between the cash related structure and the business and family unit divisions in the impact time of a budgetary cycle. In Graph 1, the dim jolts point in both course. This illustrates, even as the flood of bank credit is using up those divisions, the dealing with a record structure is using itself up amid the time spent creating credit. A couple of parts are pounding endlessly in this stage. Graph 1From the borrower side, more grounded interest and pay and higher asset costs tend to cut the cost of financing. More grounded aggregate premium profits streams and, for associations, it extends the abundance of inside resources, which are less costly than remotely raised resources. Higher asset costs lift the aggregate resources of firms and family units, in this way encouraging their passage to bank acknowledge, similarly as both volume and expense. More rich poor inside resources and more foremost access to outside credit cut down the convincing cost of commitment. This leads firms to place more in structures, capital stock and stock. Family units, in the meantime, are encouraged to spend more on hotel and buyer durables. References Bernanke, B.S., 1983. Non-monetary effects of the financial crisis in the propagation of the Great Depression. Berkmen, S.P., Gelos, G., Rennhack, R. and Walsh, J.P., 2012. The global financial crisis: Explaining cross-country differences in the output impact. Journal of International Money and Finance, 31(1), pp.42-59. Blankenburg, S. and Palma, J.G., 2009. Introduction: the global financial crisis. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33(4), pp.531-538. Avery and P. Zemsky (1998), ' Multidimensional Uncertainty and Herd Behavior in Financial Markets'. "American Economic Review" 88, pp. 724748. Crotty, J., 2009. Structural causes of the global financial crisis: a critical assessment of the new financial architecture. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33(4), pp.563-580. Fidrmuc, J. and Korhonen, I., 2010. The impact of the global financial crisis on business cycles in Asian emerging economies. Journal of Asian Economics, 21(3), pp.293-303. Grant, W. and Wilson, G.K., 2012. Consequences of the Global Financial Crisis (p. 287). Oxford University Press. Griffith-Jones, S. and Ocampo, J.A., 2009. The financial crisis and its impact on developing countries (No. 53). Working Paper, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth. Jackson, J.K., 2010. Financial Crisis: Impact on and Response by the European Union. Diane Publishing. ISBN 0-262-57153-6. Justin Lahart (2007-12-24). "Egg Cracks Differ In Housing, Finance Shells". Wall Street Journal (WSJ.com). Retrieved 2008-07-13. Klapper, L. and Love, I., 2011. The impact of the financial crisis on new firm registration. Economics Letters, 113(1), pp.1-4. Moshirian, F., 2011. The global financial crisis and the evolution of markets, institutions and regulation. Journal of Banking Finance, 35(3), pp.502-511.